AuroraGPT

@ HPC User Forum Fall ’24

Sam Foreman

Argonne National Laboratory

2024-09-04

🎯 AuroraGPT Goals

AuroraGPT: General purpose scientific LLM
Broadly trained on a general corpora plus scientific {papers, texts, data}

• Explore pathways towards a “Scientific Assistant” model
• Build with international partners (RIKEN, BSC, others)
• Multilingual English, 日本語, French, German, Spanish
• Multimodal: images, tables, equations, proofs, time series, graphs, fields, sequences , etc

Image from Hannibal046/Awesome-LLM

Figure 1: Credit to the entire AuroraGPT team for slides.

• Here to talk about AuroraGPT, Argonne’s internal effort to build a general purpose scientific LLM, broadly trained on a general corpora of text + scientific {papers, text, data}

• As part of this effort, we plan to…

  • Explore pathways, build with international partners, multi-{lingual, modal}

• Rough timeline of the project and deliverables:

  • 202{3,4}: text-only models, plan to release a series of {7B, 70B, 1T} models
  • 202{4,5}: Basic multi-modal models
  • 202{5,6}: Advanced scientific multimodal models

🧪 AuroraGPT: Open Science Foundation Models

• AuroraGPT will be a publicly distributed, open source foundation model for open science
• Is being trained on:
  • Scientific / engineering structured data
  • General text, media, news, etc.
  • Large amounts of low to medium quality data
  • Much less high quality data (that is publicly available for use)
• This data is then cleaned, processed, de-duplicated and used for the initial pre-training phase of the model
• The vast majority of the overall compute is spent during this initial pre-training phase
  • This is the group I help to lead and will be talking a bit about today
• The initial pre-training phase is currently underway
  • Eventually, given a bit of time, effort and magic, the model will be ready for fine-tuning and additional training for a variety of downstream tasks
• The pretrained model will then be handed off for additional fine-tuning on a variety of downstream tasks
  • Scientific discovery
  • Accelerate scientific tasks
  • Digital twins
  • Inverse design
  • Code optimization
  • Accelerated simulations
  • Autonomous experiments
  • Co-design
• Becoming increasingly clear that LLMs have the potential to drastically accelerate computational science
  • We’ve seen this already for {GenSLMs, Weather / Climate / Earth Systems Modeling, Particle Physics, etc.}

📊 AuroraGPT Outcomes

• Datasets and data pipelines for preparing science training data
• Software infrastructure and workflows to train, evaluate and deploy LLMs at scale for scientific resarch purposes
• Evaluation of state-of-the-art LLM Models to determine where they fall short in deep scientific tasks and where deep data may have an impact
• Assessment of the approach of augmenting web training data with two forms of data specific to science
  • Full text scientific papers
  • Structured scientific datasets (suitably mapped to narrative form)
• Research grade artifacts (models) for scientific community for adaptation for downstream uses
• Promotion of responsible AI best practices where we can figure them out
• International Collaborations around the long term goal of AGI for science

• Deliverables:

  • datasets, pipelines
  • software infrastructure, workflows to interface with science applications
  • checkpoints, models, logs, workbook, insights, etc.

• Hope to understand:

  • How different state-of-the-art models perform at different scientific tasks
  • where deep data may have an impact
  • feasibility of generically augmenting text with scientific structured data

• Huge undertaking that will require large international collaborations around long term goal of AGI for science

• Extra points:

  • Well known that LLMs are good for non-consequential tasks
  • Known to “hallucinate” and create false information
  • Can this be mitigated reliably ??

🌌 Aurora

Table 1: Aurora Specs

Racks	166
Nodes	10,624
CPUs	21,248
GPUs	63,744
NICs	84,992
HBM	8 PB
DDR5c	10 PB

Figure 2: Aurora Fact Sheet

🤖 ALCF AI Testbed

• ALCF AI Testbed Systems are in production and available for allocations to the research community
• Significant improvement in time-to-solution and energy-efficiency for diverse AI for science applications.
• NAIRR Pilot

Up to 25X improvement for genomic foundation models with 6.5X energy efficiency

Figure 3: SambaNova SN-30: 2nd Gen, 8 nodes with 64 AI Accelerators

Figure 4: Graphcore Bow: generation accelerators: Pod-64 configuration with 64 accelerators

Figure 5: Cerebras: 2x CS-2 WSE with Memory-X and Swarm-X technologies

Figure 6: GroqRack: 9 nodes, 8 GroqChip v1.5 Tensor streaming processors accelerators per node

👥 Team Leads

Planning

Rick Stevens¹

Ian Foster

Rinku Gupta

Mike Papka

Arvind Ramanathan

Fangfang Xia

Data

Ian Foster

Robert Underwood

Models / Training

Venkat Vishwanath

Sam Foreman

Evaluation

Franck Cappello

Sandeep Madireddy

Bo Li

Post

Eliu Huerta

Azton Wells

Inference

Rajeev Thakur

Comms

Charlie Catlett

David Martin

Distribution

Brad Ullrich

1. Lead

🤝 Teams

• Planning
• Data Prep
  • Accumulate 20+ T tokens of high-quality scientific text and structured data
• Models / Training¹
  • Train (entirely from scratch) a series of models on publicly available data
• Evaluation
  • Skills, trustworthiness, safety, robustness, privacy, machine ethics

• Post-Training
  • Fine-tuning, alignment
• Inference
  • Model serving, API development / public-facing web services
• Distribution
  • Licensing, generating and distributing artifacts for public consumption
• Communication

1. Co-led by: Venkat Vishwanath, Sam Foreman

🦜 Model Training

✅ Goals

• Want training runs at scale to be:
  • efficient
  • stable
  • reproducible
• This requires:
  • robust data pipelines / file IO
  • effectively overlapping compute with communication
  • stability across {network, filesystem, machine}
• 3D / Multi-dimensional Parallelism strategies
• Large batch training
• Second order optimizers
• Sub-quadratic attention
• State space models
• Highly optimized GPU kernels

❌ Challenges

• Looong time to train, can be:
  • weeks (even months) of continuous training
  • order of magnitude longer than typical NN training jobs
• Stability issues:
  • failures are expensive (but inevitable)
  • stragglers common at scale
• Individual jobs are:
  • fragile
  • only as good as the worst rank
  • one hang or bad worker can crash job
  • network / filesystem / other-user(s) dependent
• Cost / benefits of different collective communication algorithms
  • depend on optimized / efficient implementations
• Network performance
• Highly optimized GPU kernels

argonne-lcf/Megatron-DeepSpeed

🚀 Accelerating Dataset Processing at Scale for Training

• To train a fixed model on trillions of tokens requires:
  • Aggregating data from multiple different corpora (e.g. Reddit, StackExchange, GitHub, etc.)
  • Sampling each training batch according to a fixed distribution across corpora
  • Building indices that map batches of tokens into these files (indexing)
• The original implementation was slow, and designed to run on a single device
  • Major bottleneck when debugging data pipeline at scale
• Completely re-wrote an asynchronous, distributed implementation that significantly improves performance

🚀 Accelerating Dataset Processing at Scale for Training

• Completely re-wrote an asynchronous, distributed implementation that significantly improves performance

Time spent building BlendableDataset

Time spent building GPTDataset

📓 References

• 🏡 samforeman.me:
  • 🦜 Talks:
    • HPC User Forum [slides]
• See my other slides on:
  • LLMs from Scratch
  • Creating Small(~ish) LLMs
  • Parallel Training Techniques
  • LLMs on Polaris
  • Training LLMs at Scale

• 🏎️ argonne-lcf/Megatron-DeepSpeed
  For the largest of large language models.
• 🍋 saforem2/ezpz
  Distributed training, ezpz.
• 👀 See also:
  • New international consortium for generative AI models for science
  • PyTorch Distributed Overview
  • Distributed Data Parallel — PyTorch master documentation
  • 🤗 Efficient Training on Multiple GPUs
  • Getting Started - DeepSpeed

❤️ Thank you!

• Organizers

• Feel free to reach out!

🙏 Acknowledgements

This research used resources of the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.

📑 Bibliography

• Refs:
  • Wei et al. (2022)
  • Animations from The Illustrated Transformer

Song, Shuaiwen Leon, Bonnie Kruft, Minjia Zhang, Conglong Li, Shiyang Chen, Chengming Zhang, Masahiro Tanaka, et al. 2023. “DeepSpeed4Science Initiative: Enabling Large-Scale Scientific Discovery Through Sophisticated AI System Technologies.” https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04610.

Wei, Jason, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel, Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama, et al. 2022. “Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models.” https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.07682.

Yang, Jingfeng, Hongye Jin, Ruixiang Tang, Xiaotian Han, Qizhang Feng, Haoming Jiang, Bing Yin, and Xia Hu. 2023. “Harnessing the Power of LLMs in Practice: A Survey on ChatGPT and Beyond.” https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.13712.

🎁 Extras

🚂 Loooooooooong Sequence Lengths

• Working with Microsoft/DeepSpeed team to enable longer sequence lengths (context windows) for LLMs
  • See my blog post for additional details

25B

33B

Figure 7: Maximum (achievable) SEQ_LEN for both 25B and 33B models (See: Song et al. (2023))

scaling4science
Megatron-DS-Benchmarking

♻️ Life Cycle of the LLM

• 📝 Pre-training
• 🎀 Fine-Tuning

Figure 8: Pre-training: Virtually all of the compute used during pretraining phase

Figure 9: Fine-tuning: Fine-tuning actually updates the model’s weights to make the model better at a certain task.

🍎 Training LLMs

Figure 10: It’s hungry!

Figure 11: Visualization from Yang et al. (2023)